Nilssonia hurum (Indian peacock softshell turtle)

Nilssonia hurum, commonly known as the Indian peacock softshell turtle, is a large freshwater species native to South Asia. It is known for its distinctive olive-green shell with dark blotches, resembling the eye patterns of a peacock’s feathers. This species thrives in rivers, lakes, and ponds, playing a crucial role in aquatic ecosystems.

Scientific Classification

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Testudines
Family: Trionychidae
Genus: Nilssonia
Species: Nilssonia hurum

Common Names

Indian peacock softshell turtle
Peacock softshell turtle
Hurum softshell turtle

Identification

Description

Nilssonia hurum has a smooth, leathery shell with an olive-green or brownish coloration, often adorned with darker markings. The carapace is relatively flat and flexible, allowing the turtle to move swiftly in the water. Its head is elongated with a tubular snout, helping it breathe while remaining mostly submerged. The limbs are broad and equipped with webbed feet, enhancing its swimming ability.

Sexual Dimorphism

Females are significantly larger than males, often reaching up to 45 cm in shell length, while males remain smaller. Males have longer, thicker tails, while females have shorter, more rounded tails.

Native Origin and Distribution

Geographical Range

This species is widely distributed across India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan. It is commonly found in the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Indus river basins, along with their tributaries.

Preferred Habitat

The Indian peacock softshell turtle prefers slow-moving freshwater habitats, including rivers, ponds, lakes, and marshes. It is often found in sandy or muddy bottoms, where it can bury itself for camouflage.

Behavior

Feeding Habits

Nilssonia hurum is an omnivorous species, feeding on fish, amphibians, crustaceans, insects, and aquatic vegetation. It is a skilled ambush predator, often lying buried in the substrate to capture unsuspecting prey.

Predators

Juveniles are vulnerable to birds, large fish, and mammals, while adults have few natural predators due to their size and strong bite. However, humans pose the greatest threat through hunting and habitat destruction.

Reproduction

Breeding Season

Breeding occurs mainly during the dry season, from March to June, when water levels are lower and nesting sites are more accessible.

Reproductive Method

Females lay clutches of 10-30 eggs in sandy banks near water bodies. The eggs hatch after an incubation period of 60-90 days, with hatchlings emerging during the monsoon season.

Conservation

Extinction Status

Classified as Endangered by the IUCN Red List.

Threats

The primary threats include habitat destruction, pollution, and overexploitation for meat, traditional medicine, and the pet trade. Sand mining and river modification also affect nesting sites.

Conservation Measures

Legal protection exists in India under the Wildlife Protection Act, and conservation programs focus on habitat preservation, captive breeding, and community awareness. Efforts to reduce poaching and illegal trade are also in place.

Economic Importance

This species is exploited for its meat and medicinal use in some regions. It also plays an ecological role in controlling fish populations and maintaining a balanced aquatic environment.

Interesting Facts

• The name “peacock softshell turtle” comes from the dark, eye-like patterns on its shell.
• It can remain submerged for long periods by absorbing oxygen through its skin.
• This species is known for its aggressive nature when threatened, delivering powerful bites.
• It can bury itself in mud for camouflage, making it difficult to spot in the wild.