Nilssonia gangetica (Ganges Softshell Turtle)

Nilssonia gangetica, commonly known as the Ganges Softshell Turtle, is a large freshwater species found primarily in the river systems of the Indian subcontinent. This turtle is known for its leathery, flexible shell and its ability to remain submerged for long periods while relying on cutaneous respiration.

Scientific Classification

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Testudines
Family: Trionychidae
Genus: Nilssonia
Species: Nilssonia gangetica

Common Names

Ganges Softshell Turtle
Indian Softshell Turtle

Identification

Description

This species has a flattened, oval-shaped carapace that lacks the hard scutes seen in other turtles. The shell is soft, leathery, and olive-green to brown in color, often with dark speckling. Its long snout allows it to breathe while remaining mostly submerged. The limbs are webbed, helping it navigate strong river currents.

Sexual Dimorphism

Females grow significantly larger than males, often exceeding 70 cm in carapace length, while males typically remain smaller. Males have longer and thicker tails compared to females.

Native Origin and Distribution

Geographical Range

The Ganges Softshell Turtle is found in the river systems of northern and central India, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. It is particularly common in the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Indus basins.

Preferred Habitat

This species thrives in large rivers, lakes, and ponds with sandy or muddy bottoms. It prefers slow-moving or stagnant water bodies with ample vegetation and basking spots.

Behavior

Feeding Habits

It is an omnivorous species, feeding on fish, amphibians, insects, mollusks, and plant matter. It is known to scavenge and occasionally consume carrion.

Predators

Juveniles are preyed upon by birds, large fish, and mammals, while adults face threats from crocodiles and human exploitation.

Reproduction

Breeding Season

Breeding occurs during the dry season, from October to March, when females migrate to sandy riverbanks to lay eggs.

Reproductive Method

Females lay clutches of 20-50 eggs in sandy nests near water bodies. The eggs incubate for 50-60 days before hatching. Hatchlings emerge during the monsoon season when food availability is high.

Conservation

Extinction Status

Listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List due to habitat destruction and overexploitation.

Threats

Major threats include river pollution, poaching for meat and medicinal use, and sand mining, which destroys nesting sites. The pet trade and accidental fishing net entanglements also contribute to population decline.

Conservation Measures

Several Indian and Bangladeshi conservation programs aim to protect the species through captive breeding and habitat restoration. Some populations are found in protected areas where hunting is restricted.

Economic Importance

This species is heavily exploited for its meat and eggs in local markets, particularly in India and Bangladesh. It is also used in traditional medicine.

Interesting Facts

This turtle has specialized glands that allow it to excrete excess salt, helping it survive in brackish environments. It can remain buried in mud for hours, using its long snout like a snorkel to breathe. Some individuals have been reported to live over 50 years in captivity.