Hydromedusa maximiliani (Brazilian snake-necked turtle)

Hydromedusa maximiliani, commonly known as Maximilian’s Snake-necked Turtle, is a small freshwater turtle species native to southeastern Brazil. Notable for its elongated neck and unique shell patterns, this species inhabits clear, slow-moving streams within forested areas and is of particular interest to conservationists due to its vulnerable status.

Scientific Classification

• Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Chordata
• Class: Reptilia
• Order: Testudines
• Family: Chelidae
• Genus: Hydromedusa
• Species: Hydromedusa maximiliani

Common Names

• Maximilian’s Snake-necked Turtle
• Brazilian Snake-necked Turtle

Identification

• DescriptionHydromedusa maximiliani is characterized by its elongated neck, which can be as long as its carapace. The carapace is relatively flat and oval-shaped, typically olive to dark brown with lighter seams between the scutes. The plastron (underside of the shell) is lighter, usually yellowish with dark markings. The turtle’s skin is generally grayish, and the head often features distinctive stripes or spots.
• Sexual DimorphismFemales are generally larger than males, with carapace lengths reaching up to 20 centimeters (about 8 inches). Males have longer, thicker tails and may exhibit a more concave plastron, whereas females have a flatter one.

Native Origin and Distribution

• Geographical RangeThis species is endemic to southeastern Brazil, primarily found in the Atlantic Forest biome. Its range includes the states of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and possibly Espírito Santo.

Preferred Habitat

Hydromedusa maximiliani inhabits slow-moving freshwater bodies such as streams, rivers, and swamps within forested areas. It prefers clear waters with abundant vegetation and soft substrates, providing ample hiding spots and feeding opportunities.

Behavior

• Feeding HabitsThe species is primarily carnivorous, feeding on aquatic invertebrates, small fish, and amphibians. It employs a sit-and-wait hunting strategy, using its elongated neck to strike swiftly at passing prey.
• PredatorsPredators include larger aquatic animals like caimans and large fish. On land, they are vulnerable to birds of prey and mammals, especially during nesting.

Reproduction

• Breeding SeasonBreeding typically occurs during the warmer months, from September to December.
• Reproductive MethodFemales lay small clutches of 2 to 6 eggs in nests dug into soft soil near water bodies. The incubation period ranges from 100 to 150 days, depending on environmental conditions.

Conservation

• Extinction StatusHydromedusa maximiliani is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
• ThreatsThe primary threats include habitat destruction due to deforestation and pollution, as well as illegal collection for the pet trade. Urbanization and agricultural expansion have led to significant habitat loss.
• Conservation MeasuresConservation efforts focus on habitat preservation and legal protection. The species is protected under Brazilian law, and some populations reside within protected areas. Environmental education and stricter enforcement against illegal trade are also crucial.

Economic Importance

While not of significant economic importance, the species has been collected for the pet trade because of its unique appearance. This practice is illegal and contributes to the decline of wild populations. The turtle plays a role in its ecosystem by controlling invertebrate populations.

Interesting Facts

• The species is named after Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied, a German explorer and naturalist who studied Brazilian wildlife in the 19th century.
• Unlike some turtles, Hydromedusa maximiliani cannot retract its neck into its shell; instead, it folds it sideways under the shell’s edge.
• Due to its secretive nature and limited distribution, it remains one of the lesser-known turtle species, making it an interesting subject for further research.