Hardella thurjii (Crowned River Turtle)

Hardella thurjii, commonly known as the Crowned River Turtle or Brahminy River Turtle, is a large freshwater turtle native to South Asia. This species is notable for its significant role in river ecosystems and is one of the largest freshwater turtles in its range.

Scientific Classification

• Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Chordata
• Class: Reptilia
• Order: Testudines
• Family: Geoemydidae
• Genus: Hardella
• Species: Hardella thurjii

Common Names

• Crowned River Turtle
• Brahminy River Turtle

Identification

Description

Hardella thurjii can reach a carapace length of up to 60 centimeters. The shell is elongated and features a prominent central keel, especially noticeable in juveniles. The carapace is dark olive to brown, while the plastron (the underside) is lighter. The head is relatively large with a pointed snout and a non-retractile neck.

Sexual Dimorphism

Females are generally larger than males and have a higher-domed carapace. Males possess longer, thicker tails and may have a slightly concave plastron to facilitate mating.

Native Origin and Distribution

Geographical Range

This species is found in the river systems of the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra basins. Its range includes countries like Pakistan, northern India, Nepal, and Bangladesh.

Preferred Habitat

Hardella thurjii prefers large rivers, streams, and associated wetlands with slow-moving or still waters. It thrives in areas with abundant aquatic vegetation and soft, muddy substrates.

Behavior

Feeding Habits

An omnivorous species, the Crowned River Turtle feeds on aquatic plants, fruits, seeds, mollusks, crustaceans, and small fish. It forages both in the water and along riverbanks.

Predators

Predators include large fish, crocodiles, and birds of prey. Eggs and hatchlings are particularly vulnerable to predation by mammals like mongooses and monitor lizards.

Reproduction

Breeding Season

Breeding typically occurs during the dry season when water levels are lower, making sandbanks accessible for nesting.

Reproductive Method

Females lay clutches of 10 to 20 eggs in sandy riverbanks. The incubation period ranges from 60 to 80 days, depending on temperature and environmental conditions.

Conservation

Extinction Status

Hardella thurjii is classified as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.

Threats

• Habitat Destruction: Dam construction, river pollution, and sand mining disrupt their natural habitats.
• Over-Exploitation: They are hunted for their meat and shells, and eggs are collected for consumption.
• Pet Trade: Illegal capture for the pet trade has reduced wild populations.

Conservation Measures

• Legal Protection: Enforcement of wildlife protection laws to prevent hunting and trade.
• Habitat Conservation: Establishing protected areas and sanctuaries.
• Awareness Programs: Educating local communities about the species’ ecological importance.

Economic Importance

While Hardella thurjii has been utilized for its meat and shells in local economies, overharvesting has led to a decline in populations. Sustainable practices are essential to ensure the species’ survival and continued economic benefit.

Interesting Facts

• The species gets its name “Crowned River Turtle” from the distinctive keel on its shell, which resembles a crown.
• Hardella thurjii plays a vital role in maintaining healthy river ecosystems by controlling aquatic vegetation and dispersing seeds.